Re: the FSA: CONNIVANCE OR PROTECTION ? ASK THE BRITISH PUBLIC
At this time of economic crisis, the Lawmakers say: “The UK Regulator should get sole bank rescue power”. Who or what is this “regulator” ? What has been done for ordinary people who have put their trust in these banks and “investments” offered by those afforded the status of being “regulated” by the FSA ? Why are there over 400 broken-hearted people, suffering excruciatingly because of being caught up in a massive Fraud, with no one to turn to ?
The FSA (or ‘Financial Services Authority’) purport to fulfil this role of regulator, but nobody seems to know to whom they are accountable or who regulates their activity, when things go wildly wrong. Perhaps the “Vavasseur Case” will help to answer at least one of these questions:
Terry Dowdell’s Vavasseur Corporation, originating in America in the late 1990’s, came under scrutiny by the SEC by 2000 (this was ‘wave one’ of the Fraud’s lifetime). Dowdell was found guilty of fraud, pleading guilty to at least 21 counts of conspiracy etc, and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in 2002 by the US Regulators, the SEC (Securities Exchange Commission). Meanwhile, he handed over the reins to his Collective Investment Scheme to Dobb White, a firm of Leicester accountants. At this same time that ‘Vavasseur one’ (in NY) was liquidated by the SEC, Gangar and White set up ‘Vavasseur two’ in the Channel Islands ! They also set up a further 6 or so ‘vehicles’ or “structures” to run the Fraud through, and ran it as a layered fraud with about 20 cohorts to help them as ‘operators’ in this new empire that they built in ‘wave two’ of the Fraud’s lifetime, at the time that Dowdell came ‘under the hammer”.
One of these more important ‘structures’ for the UK, was called ‘Scott’s Private Client services’, which offered bogus “investments” where the money got deliberately sent into the fraudulent Scheme being controlled by Gangar and White ‘behind the scenes’. Unlike Dobb White who were ‘unauthorised’ by the FSA, Scott’s were “authorised” as licensed deposit-takers, so the ‘partnership’ was sealed. Yet the FSA later on, falsely claimed that the Scheme was “unauthorised” by them – when this was patently untrue, because of the 'Scott's' connection. It did not suit them to expose the truth behind Scott’s, because it was so ‘damning’, but the 'price' of this is that it ended up perverting the Course of Justice. In this way, the Public were deliberately misled on this, because the FSA made the decision to engage their efforts in concealing the facts behind Scott’s true involvement in the Scheme, and resultingly excused Scott's involvement in the fraud almost 100%. Yet without Scott’s, the Fraud could not have been accomplished, as it was the main 'UK structure' that the fraudsters used, to whitewash money through ! Notably, Bank of Scotland were Scott’s bankers, and Scott’s CEO named John Dryburgh, was one of the bank’s larger, valued, customers – turning over about £200 million per annum through his other lucrative film-funding company, “Scott’s Atlantic”. The fraudsters relied heavily on the banks to money-launder funds on their behalf, and it was BofS which later came to light as having given the Scheme “legs”. BofS operated at the 'helm' of this Fraud.
This Scheme from early 2001 was then run by Shinder Gangar and Alan White who, if anything, enlarged their field of action by covering over 20 different jurisdictions, involving at least 27 banks worldwide, at least 25 offshore companies and using over 28 FSA-regulated IFA’s as “middle men” to help shield their activities. The Bank of Scotland (now known as “HBOS”) played the most active part, proactively fund-raising for the scheme by granting delinquent loans to all those proposed by Dobb white and the ‘financial advisor middle-men’, working through the ‘vehicles and structures’ as collecting points for everyone’s money, and then siphoning these funds to the offshore companies; and the bank’s profits almost tripled under their Chief Executive, a Mr. James Crosby, between 2001 and 2004. Yet, this same man is now Deputy Chairman of the FSA and is running their ‘Watchdog’ committee, having been knighted in 2006. It begs the question “why is the very man, who was so intimately involved in enabling convicted felons to receive millions from HBOS in mortgages and loans for the purpose of entering the fraudulent Scheme, now controlling matters from the inside ?”
When pressured, the SFO brought a criminal case against Gangar and White, which invidiously started as an ‘undercover investigation’ in late 2000, unbeknown to all the victims that later resulted from this covert activity. They carried out dawn raids in October 2002, seizing all the computer records from a private address which the fraudsters were using in Nottingham, UK, but did not lay any charges. Although, no one quite knows why this was, since the SFO had all the forensic records which proved where the victims money was sent to and stolen from ! These have not been viewed by any victim, to this day, since there has not yet been any publicly coordinated Action group to help the victims of this Fraud. It was not until a full 3 years later, in October 2005, that any charges were eventually laid against Gangar and White, for Conspiracy to defraud, and clearly the two accountants had been the Authorities “preferred targets” from Day One – and became a convenient ‘let out’ for them, so they ended things there. So all this time, the fraud could continue and grow (‘wave 3’), especially with the ‘team work’ that had been set up so cunningly, and in this way yet more damage was done. Above all, the obfuscation that resulted, caused havoc to the creditors themselves, many of who lost their homes in the process and declared bankruptcy, because nothing constructive was done to help them or to uphold Justice by nailing the other cohorts nor the major banks like HBOS who were so actively involved in perpetrating the Fraud in the first place.
Although the SFO had only five per cent of the Operation eventually convicted by February 2008 (namely Gangar and White), more than £50 million of Public money was spent by the Authorities in achieving this. They spread the Trial over 8 months calling in men like John Dryburgh (an involved cohort and escapee-fraudster), as Prosecution witnesses. It was Dryburgh, of course, who had set up ‘Scott’s’ as a front for this fraudulent scheme and even the Judge spotted and commented on this anomaly. Witnesses were not allowed to mention HBOS or its many connections to the Fraud during the criminal Trial, and it is significant that some high profile SFO staff were moved elsewhere as the trial progressed, and after being shown evidence of conspiracy and collusion on the part of HBOS and Scott’s, the Head of Case at the SFO was even removed from the Case just before the Trial commenced ! At its’ conclusion, Gangar and White got a mere 7.5 year sentence for FRAUD and bribing a US official, while their victims are not likely to get ANY compensation ! what a waste ! So what was the point of spending £50million of Public money at all ? Many fraudsters would rather serve the time and keep the money, as most lawmakers know. The creditors remain confounded and bewildered as to why nothing has been done to help them, to this day.
In July 2004, a Receivership was set up because of Public unrest. Unfortunately, further massive injustice occurred at this point, since the Insolvency service divided this seamless, international solo-Fraud into three estates, involving 3 lots of Receivers and tripling the administration costs in the process, but resulting in a ‘divide and rule’ breakdown of justice. Only about 15% of the total money stolen (which was about $250 million), was found and frozen in the offshore accounts by the FSA (approx $38 million recovered ), and the rest of the missing funds were never accounted for ! A further $18 million on the transcript record as being seized by the FSA, has still not been accounted for, either.
Worse still, all the funds generated in the Dobb White ‘estate’ (which was set up as a single ‘client’ of the US Vavasseur under one corporation called ERYL MANAGEMENT LTD or “EML”), had this 15% frozen sum end up in the American (Vavasseur) estate, leaving those who were wrongly labelled as ‘Dobb White’ creditors, with nothing. The creditors are still unsure who, exactly, made up the 'Vavasseur' creditors list. The US Receiver has refused to show this to anyone, to date. It is quite possible that many of those on the Vavasseur list actually related back to 'Wave one' of the Fraud under Terry Dowdell's 'rule' in the late 90's, which would mean a further travesty has occurred, since 'wave one' was not connected with this main Case, where the $250 million was generated by 'EML' in "wave two" by Gangar and White's empire. A handful of US creditors (ironically, in Europe, who traced back to the ‘Vavasseur two’ that was set up in 2001) were unlawfully “preferred’ by Roy Terry, and so received some money back, but of course, they were paid with moneys generated from the ‘ponzi pot’ of the ‘Dobb White’ estate through ‘EML’ ! I only discovered the significance of this in February 2008, when I complained to Judge Norman Moon in the US Court about the fact that Roy Terry had placed all the financial records under Court seal (when these are supposed to be Publicly accessible information), and the Judge agreed it was 'not right' and so ordered the unsealing of all (bar one) of these extensive records. Hence it was only then that the truth dawned on us that all along, those in the ‘Dobb White’ estate were, in fact, Vavasseur creditors, after all ! We have all been deliberately misled by the Receivers, too, in this way, and cut off without a penny, so far.
Baker Tilly, a firm with American connections – were appointed as the Receivers for Dobb White in the UK (which more appropriately, should have been listed as "EML" but then this would have 'blown the gaff' as EML of course, was a 'client' of Vavasseur One's ! A committee was set up at the first creditors meeting in London in July 2004. Unethically, there were many self-appointees, particularly the American Receiver, named Roy Terry, who posed as a “creditor” for £65 million in the 'Dobb White' estate (when the named creditors themselves were also on the creditors list), and he pre-elected himself on to the UK Dobb White committee as a ‘fait accompli’ at the first meeting on 16 July 04 ! He wore 5 hats, as an attorney, a Trustee, a “creditor”, a committee member, and a Receiver: working on both sides, namely on the Administration and on the creditors side at the same time, highly irregular. They agreed amongst themselves not to communicate any “findings” to the real victims, after signing ‘non-disclosure’ agreements at Baker Tilly and Roy Terry’s request, and it became clear that Gangar and White’s ‘ERYL Management’ empire was once again in control. Roy Terry engineered that he and his American associates collected a substantial sum of the “recovered money”, claiming that they were the only ‘Vavasseur’ victims ! Where were the FSA ? Baker Tilly were dished out a limited sum of about $10 million dollars by Roy Terry, to meet their “expenses”, and despite several promises, none of the ‘Dobb White’ creditors received any interim payment to this day, unlike a small handful of 'Vavasseur' creditors who have been "preferred" and received up to 60% of their money back, thanks to Roy Terry's malfeasance and maladministration.
Also, the Receivers sequestered more than $20 million between them for their “administrative costs” – again leaving the REAL victims out in the cold. Apparently, the FSA remit is "principle-driven" and is to protect the inexperienced investor and to uphold the 11 Principles of Banking, but as already shown:
1) they PROVIDED banking services to the fraudsters by allowing HBOS to supply and facilitate their Collective Investment Scheme, and then turning a completely 'blind eye' to this !
2) the FSA concealed the veracity of Scott’s actual involvement in this Scheme, together with 20 other ‘operators’. Victims were simply told that their money had ‘disappeared’., and the involved fraudster cohorts pretended they were 'deceived" - yet no Public Enquiry has ever been done, despite repeated requests to the FSA and the SFO.
3) Indeed, the FSA denied any restitution or compensation to victims (despite the "PI" professional indemnity insurance on which they had all been asked to rely on, as a "failsafe" if anything went wrong, having been told it was under ‘FSA control’ !)
Were the FSA uncaring or incompetent in detecting this fraudulent Operation, or were they too involved themselves via James Crosby et al ?
4) Why did they allow most of Dobb White’s money to end up in the USA receiver’s coffers ? They knew the Vavasseur history (passed from one convicted fraudster, Dowdell, to the similar 2 others of Dobb White), yet for 7 long years have done nothing for British or American victims. The FSA have also profited from the “money laundering” fines (at least £2million or more) gained from ‘selected’ offending banks who they prosecuted in 2004, once James Crosby had arrived on the ‘Watchdog’ panel to oversee this 'cleaning up' phase !
Ironically, James Crosby now sits on the Government think-tank panel since April 2008, “to find out why the mortgage market is collapsing”, hailed as a ‘Mortgage Tsar’ (Source: The Times). Yet his bank was behind many scores of people losing their family homes, thanks to this strong suggestion of "organised crime."
What of the hundreds of innocent victims who have fallen prey to this monstrous ‘Collective Investment Scheme’, begun by Vavasseur ? They have been compromised by the SFO, now even let down by the Treasury who stone-walled and hid behind the FSA with the excuse that “they don’t deal with individual cases”, as well as by the inadequacy of the Law Society rules which preclude most large British Law firms taking on their cases because of “conflicts” with HBOS and other major banks, but mostly by the FSA who have covered up too much relevant, important material “on line” or in their supposed dealings with Scott’s, where they have ended up seriously betraying those whom they profess to protect. The disappeared funds must be somewhere out there, but where can the victims turn (about 200 British and at least 100 American and 100 others including Europeans), to try to recover at least some of their losses ?
Now, to add insult to injury, we are being told we are ‘time barred’, when the record clearly shows that the truth has been heavily concealed for the past 7 years, the estates have been wrongly divided and the victims themselves have been kept ‘in the dark’ and also misinformed, the Public have been deliberately mislead by those in Authority, the SFO did not even lay any charges until as recently as 2005 to suggest that a fraud or loss had occurred, the Uk fraudster accountants were not even convicted until February 2008, the fraud had been allowed to continue for all the years after the SFO dawn raids (to this day), and the true story has been prevented from ‘leaking’ in to the Public domain through careful manoevers on the part of those “at the top”, along with the ‘status quo’ of leaving the victims locked in to these series of injustices has prevented any restitution being paid to those caught up in it all. Is this not sufficient to prove what a callous lie “time barring” is, in the context of this Case ? Right up until November 2007, the creditors / victims had been led to believe that all their money had been "frozen" by the Authorities, and that this money would eventually be released. However, the startling truth finally came out in Nov 07 when the SFO criminal Trial was well underway, that, in fact, there was at least a $210 million shortfall ! How, then, could any of the victims have taken any steps to set up legal action earlier, if they did not have the necessary facts to do so ? The ‘divide and rule’ principle has been employed throughout, starting with Gangar and White, and sadly, ending with the Authorities. Now, consider this: Stemming from this case, huge profits have been generated and ploughed into the ‘black economy’ for civil servants, those in Public office, the police, the SFO, the FSA, the prison service, the Government workers etc…and the investors whom the FSA are there to supposedly “protect” have been stripped bare of all their assets, liquidity and even their homes.
The above is just the “tip of an iceberg” in summarisation of what has proved to be a massive and ongoing, swindle. It is an attempt to create an over all picture of the ‘Vavasseur Fraud case’. The tentacles spreading out from this core are breathtakingly stupefying. It now 'hangs in the balance' as to whether Justice can, finally, be done ?
* * * *
Written by Denise S. Winton & edited by Elizabeth J. Watson
28 September 2008
Re: Dobb White ("EML") and Vavasseur Collective Investment Scheme ponzi scam, perpetrated 7+ years ago by HBOS and the FSA + 27 other banks, internationally
the many 'damning' links between "Sir" James Crosby and the Vavasseur scam, quite simply are these:
- the scam is on record with the FSA as being "A Collective investment scheme"
- yet bizarrely, I have clear proof that this "CIS" was promoted by at least 28 IFA's or financial advisors ("FSA-regulated") acting as 'middle men' to shield the real activities of the 27 banks involved ('FSA-regulated'), and these FSA-regulated 'advisors' endorsed the scam, widely, which fundamentally confused everyone into thinking the scheme had the FSA's "seal of approval" (which Gangar also told everyone) - the creditors are the 'living proof' to tell the tale of which FSA-advisor introduced them from the list of 28 that I hold, and I've listed all the names of these parties;
- the FSA, however, claimed after the event (i.e. when the $200m+ was successfully stolen) that it was an "unauthorised" scheme and used this to get off the hook in paying compensation to the victims introduced by the FSA-regulated parties under the FSCS scheme (Financial services compensation scheme, up to 48k per claimant who was mis-advised)
- The FSA also got off the hook this way regarding any payouts being made under the Prof indemnity insurance (also 'regulated' by the FSA) because the Scheme "supposedly came outside the FSA's remit" and "was not recognised" by them! (how ironic)
- a close scrutiny of the facts, however, show it was an 'authorised' scheme, because at least one of the 'structures' they used as a 'front' (Scott's Private Client Services in London) was indeed, 'authorised' by the FSA
- notably, Scott's PCS own bankers were HBOS ! (who else ?) they used 2 bank accounts (Euro and USD) to collect "investors" (victims) moneys in to, and then siphoned that money into the EML collective investment scheme bank accounts, offshore, all behind the scenes.
- Scott's was assisted by ANDERSEN CHARNLEY "IFA's" whose 'Compliance' department (Avril Millar) introduced a lot of extra "business" and even cloned the Dobb White 'paperwork' with Scott's and A.Charnley, whilst stating they were "not authorised" - when they were !! Notably, A.Charnley got off Scot-free too: must have been part of the "Contract" ? The CEO of A.Charnley now sits on the creditors committee with the UK Receivers, and has not been removed despite repeated alarm bells being raised about this conflict of interests.
- James Crosby, as CEO of HBOS since 2001, ensured that HBOS ignored all the important "Know your client" requirements of Scott's and Andersen Charnley's "business" activities, and engaged knowingly in running the Fraud, at board level, in this way;
- Crosby also ensured that they ignored all the glaring money-laundering that had to take place ! Crosby deceitfully ensured that HBOS "paid" for THAT, in early 2004 when HBOS was fined £1.250 million for money-laundering in this SCAM hence they got off lightly by comparison to what they did and it was all quarantined in this way;
- this latter aspect was heinously covered up, in order to protect one of HBOS' biggest business customers, John Dryburgh, also a fellow Scotsman, who worked on the inside in running the Scheme, whitewashing money for Dobb White throughout the period in question: they even carried on promoting the scam when they KNEW it was crumbling at the seams, when the Criminal Assets Bureau started freezing accounts they were siphoning to, in May 2002. They simply by-passed those accounts for other offshore accounts, instead - the victims are the 'living proof', once again, as the gang of fraudsters in the team just carried it on, regardless.
- Fraser Mackay from HBOS even managed the "Hedge Fund" for Scott's, through Fortis Fund Management Services , following the money trail through to its 'destination ' accounts, and this is why he had dealings with Fortis Bank in Belgium - where at least $5m of creditors stolen moneys still sit, today. (witness statements for this). It is also on record that Crosby's employee, Mackay, left HBOS to work full time with Scott's and Dobb White !
- John Dryburgh's OTHER company, "Scott's Atlantic" has been turning over some £200 million per annum for the past 10 years & Dryburgh was ALSO the CEO for the clone 'front' company for the Scam,namely "Scott's private client services" used to whitewash money for the scam in the UK!
- James Crosby protected Dryburgh from 'taking the rap' of what had occurred, after the trouble 'hit the fan' in the following way:
- Because James Crosby used to be the CEO of HBOS from 2000 until Jan 2004, who were steering the whole scam, operating at the 'helm', and who gave it legs in multiple ways (including fund-raising the scheme, with at least 70 people borrowing against their homes in order to get a 'pre-approved' loan from HBOS to invest in the Scheme they recommended so highly);
- James Crosby was behind a 2nd 'structure' the fraudsters used, called 'MAC" or 'Mortgage Advice Centre" with HBOS and its' associated companies as the lender for fund-raising the Scheme with borrowings against investors family homes, all relying on the fraudster accountants' "Statements of means" given to HBOS to push the loans through the conveyer belt system
- James Crosby was also on the Board of the FSA (the Bank's regulators, and the Financial Services regulators for the advisors, insurers etc etc) from 2000, all this time ! (a foot in BOTH camps, in other words)
- James Crosby was also the CEO of 'St James Place' that he set up in 2000 (at the same time that the clone 'front' company, Scott's, was set up),
- It was Crosby's own"investment" company, called St James Place "investments" who supplied all of Scott's staff ! (they shared office space with Scott's PCS) and who conducted the workings of the Fraud Operation 'behind the scenes' on a 'commission only' basis, while remaining employed at SJJ! so there was Crosby, involved as CEO of St James Place, offering banking services via HBOS for Scott's, also CEO of HBOS, and also on the Board of the FSA all the time !
- When the SFO dawn raids occurred and much trouble ensued with this Organised crime, James Crosby left HBOS as their CEO and joined the "Watchdog" committee of the FSA, where he could control things nicely thank you very much !
- In this way, Crosby became the Deputy chairman of the FSA from Jan 04, where he could control everything, including the 'cleaning up', and prevent the truth from leaking out: he did a splendid job of perverting the course of Justice in this way.
- He even ensured that the FSA profited from the crime, by 'fining' several financial entities for "money laundering" - to the tune of millions of pounds ! The victims, however, got nothing and that has been the case these past 7 long years
- James Crosby ensured, in his position of power (despite being 'poacher turned gamekeeper'), that he "quarantined" the Scott's connection in the whole CIS, and let Dryburgh off the hook with a ridiculous £25k fine, who had perjured himself deplorably; he even ensured that Scott's could continue TRADING after the SFO dawn raids in October 2002 ! In this way, the fraud could continue for at least another couple of years... and it did.
- Crosby's employee, Mackay, even perjured himself to the SFO on taped interview, and pretended he was "deceived" by Gangar & white, when in truth he had always worked 'hand in glove' with them' - as the record clearly shows (including our own paper copies of our huge loan from HBOS) and the SFO refused to do a Public enquiry into MAC or Mackay or anyone else who lost money via HBOS loans into the Scam
- the SFO then joined in the 'cover-up' too, by refusing to make the connections between Scott's and Dobb White /EML, despite the forensic audit evidence ! they did taped interviews of HBOS director Fraser Mackay and of John Dryburgh - and BOTH of them lied "I was deceived" which can be proven to be false, yet the SFO refused to investigate HBOS or to 'lay charges' on anyone else who was involved, and restricted it only to Gangar and White. This was even extended through to the Trial, where the SFO would not allow any of us to even mention HBOS' involvement in the Fraud, and the QC shouted "Stop!" in the Court, if I ever mentioned HBOS lending money for the Scheme
- Crosby oversaw the complete"investigation" that the FSA did into Scott's (see the FSA's 'Scott's Final Notice Report 9 June 2004, through a 'google' search), and ensured that Scott's and Dryburgh got off v.v.v.lightly, despite being a DOUBLE fraud, i.e. in providing a 'front' for the CIS and also in accomplishing this by offering bogus "investments" when it was really the CIS scheme in disguise: this is surely CRIMINAL CONCEALMENT, there is no other word for it !
-Crosby also saw that Fraser Mackay, director from HBOS' Manchester branch whose entire department was involved in fund-raising the Scam and issuing delinquent loans like confetti, got off scot-free; and Mackay's colleagues: Derek Wells, Simon Baker, Angela Brogan etc... all HBOS employees, the former 3, at least, left HBOS in quick succession and walked away, with no charge, nothing.
- shockingly,,James Crosby then got knighted in 2006 for nearly tripling HBOS' 'profits' in the years in question;
- Crosby now sits, disingenuously, on the Govt. think-tank panel hailed as a "Mortgage Tsar" , ostensibly "to find out why the Mortgage Market is collapsing". is this a bad joke ?
- the FSA, where Crosby is now firmly ensconced, are notably, not answerable nor accountable to anyone, and come under no jurisdiction or other regulator, not even the Parliamentary Ombudsman !
- the FSA have consistently refused to do a Public enquiry into the role of HBOS and the role of Scott's PCS in the Fraud (I wonder why ?) - and have stone-walled it
- the Treasury have acted in a similar fashion to the FSA, yet there is still $210 million of creditors stolen funds, MISSING
- The INsolvency Service, also governed by the FSA, also covered THEIR tracks, by wrongly dividing this seamless single Fraud into no less than THREE estates, trying to treat them as 3 separate frauds, thus tripling the admin costs (further jobs for the boys, namely Baker Tilly who are ALSO FSA-regulated !)
- Worse still, it is on the Public SEC Court records that Gangar & White's "2nd wave" empire was built under the name "ERYL MANAGEMENT LTD" ("EML") which was set up as a client of Vavasseur's... and all the money raised through EML belonged to the creditors caught up in 'wave 2' of the fraud's life span, or stage two...(about $250 million)
- yet the US Receiver has taken all the money generated by EML and claimed it as HIS for his 'Vavasseur' labelled creditors !! (yet we are ALL 'Vavasseur creditors, in the sense that EML was a client of Vavasseur !); further, he has told all the 'EML' clients (wrongly called 'Dobb White' clients, whom the FSA liquidated in Dec 2003) that they "have no claim in the Vavasseur estate"
- the Receivers on the case have spent three quarters of the 15% of moneys that were recovered and frozen from the offshore bank accounts, in their "administration fees"
- and the EML creditors were left with nothing and told they were now 'time-barred', but this has involved huge amounts of criminal concealment and therefore surely cannot be 'time barred'?
- the creditors have been prevented to date, from getting restitution because of this concealment, and from getting justice through the 'magic circle' UK law firms, who are all prevented from acting against major banks because of "conflict of interests" or being on their mortgage panel, which is not a level playing field, hence further delay, and necessitating going outside the UK to use an American law firm (maybe with a UK office) to bring the Class action forward on behalf of victims
I hope you will now agree, that this is highly newsworthy, and needs to be urgently exposed, fully, until every last penny is repaid to the victims of this govt. Organised crime, along with penal damages and compensation / RICO damages since it all stemmed from the USA and convicted fraudster, Terry Dowdell, who originated 'Vavasseur' in the first place.
Regards
Liz Watson
founder - One Voice action group
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